Eastern Massasauga
Sistrurus catenatus
A small, secretive rattlesnake of wetland prairies, now rare and protected across much of its range.
- Venomous?
- Venomous
- Adult length
- 0.5-0.75 m (1.6-2.5 ft)
- Range
- Great Lakes region and midwestern United States, southern Ontario, Canada
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Overview
The Eastern Massasauga is a small rattlesnake associated with wet prairies, bogs, and floodplain habitats in the Great Lakes region. Populations have declined severely due to wetland drainage and habitat fragmentation, and the species is federally listed as threatened in the United States.
It has a gray to grayish-brown ground color patterned with dark brown blotches, and unlike large rattlesnakes it has nine large plate-like scales on top of the head.
How to identify it
- Gray to light brown body with rows of dark brown or black blotches
- Small rattle, often quiet or barely audible
- Nine large head scales (unusual among rattlesnakes, most have small scales)
- Stocky but small body, rarely exceeding 75 cm
- Vertical pupils and heat-sensing pits
Habitat & range
Prefers wet prairies, sedge meadows, bogs, and floodplain forests, often near water. Uses adjacent uplands in summer for foraging and shifts to lowland wetlands for hibernation in crayfish burrows or root channels.
Behavior, diet & reproduction
Active by day in spring and fall, more crepuscular in summer heat. Docile and reluctant to strike, relying on camouflage. Feeds on small rodents, frogs, and other snakes. Gives live birth to small litters in late summer.
Frequently asked questions
Is the Eastern Massasauga endangered?
It is listed as federally threatened in the U.S. due to widespread wetland habitat loss.
Is its bite dangerous?
It is venomous but small, with a comparatively mild venom yield compared to larger rattlesnakes.
Where is it found?
In wet prairies and bogs of the Great Lakes region and parts of the midwestern U.S. and southern Ontario.
How can I recognize one?
Look for a gray body with dark blotches, nine large head scales, and a small rattle.
Eastern Massasauga guides
In-depth guides for identifying and understanding Eastern Massasauga.
