European Adder
Vipera berus
The only snake native to much of the British Isles, with an enormous range spanning from western Europe to the Russian Far East, including areas within the Arctic Circle.
- Adult length
- 0.5-0.8 m (1.5-2.5 ft)
- Range
- Europe and parts of northern Asia
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Overview
The European adder holds the distinction of being one of the most northerly-distributed snake species in the world, with populations found well within the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia. It is one of the few native snakes of the United Kingdom, where it is protected.
It has a vast range spanning much of the Palearctic.
How to identify it
- Gray, brown, reddish, or olive background color, with females often more reddish-brown and males more gray
- Bold dark zigzag stripe running the length of the back
- Distinct 'X' or 'V' shaped marking on the head
- Vertical pupils and a short, stocky body
- Melanistic (all-black) individuals occur in some populations, especially at higher latitudes
Habitat & range
Occupies heathland, moorland, woodland edges, grassland, and rocky hillsides across Europe and into northern Asia, tolerating cooler climates better than most vipers, including habitats near the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia.
Behavior, diet & reproduction
Diurnal, especially active during spring and autumn, often basking to regulate body temperature in cooler climates. Feeds on small mammals, lizards, and amphibians. One of the few live-bearing vipers, adapted to give birth in cold environments without needing to lay eggs.
Frequently asked questions
How can you identify a European adder?
Look for a bold zigzag stripe along the back and an X or V-shaped mark on the head.
Where does the European adder live?
Across a huge range from western Europe to the Russian Far East, including areas within the Arctic Circle.
European Adder guides
In-depth guides for identifying and understanding European Adder.
